\chapter{副词从句简化\small{之一}}
在此重复一下\emph{重要}的观念：所有从属从句简化的原则都一样，即为求精简，把从属从句的主语与be动词省略，只留下补语。省略主语是为了避免重复，但如果省略会造成句意模糊，主语就得另行处理；省略be动词是因为它本身没有意义。

从简化从句的角度来看，副词从句的简化可分为几种情况，本章先研究简化为Ving补语的情形。

\section{简化为Ving补语}
若副词从句是一般语法书所谓的进行式（Be+Ving），那么省略主语和be动词后就只剩下Ving补语。反之，若没有be动词可省略，也没有语气助动词可供改写，就得先改成进行式，再省略be动词，仍然可得到Ving的结果。如：

\wordtag{While he was lying on the couch}{副词从句},\wordtag{the boy}{S} \wordtag{fell}{V} \wordtag{asleep}{C}. \vspace{1ex}

上句中副词从句的主语he就是主要从句的主语the boy，这个重复就有可省略的空间。同时副词从句中有现成的be动词，是连缀动词，本身无意义，因此省去主语与be动词，不会改变原句的意思：

1. \wordtag{While lying on the couch}{简化副词从句}, the boy fell asleep. 

\subsection{连接词是否保留}
副词从句因为已经简化，不再有主语、动词，所以上句中的连接词while也无存在的必要。不过，副词从句的连接词除了语法功能外，还有词义的功能：while和before不同，也和if、although等不同，虽然简化了，副词从句的连接词有时还要保留，至于保留与否则完全取决于修辞上是否清楚。简化是为了让句子更简洁，但绝不可伤害清楚性。在句子够清楚的前提下，副词从句的连接词可省去，上例即成为：

2. \wordtag{Lying on the couch}{简化副词从句}, the boy fell asleep. \vspace{1ex}

一般地，while（包括when等）是表示``当……之时''的连接词，because（包括as、since等）是``因为''的连接词，省略后通常不妨碍句子的清楚性，但还是要具体判断。

\subsection{所谓``分词构句''}
以句2而言，省去while后，句子仍然清楚。但传统语法解释起来很困难，因为lying on the couch是现在分词短语，属形容词类，但显然不是用来修饰名词类的the boy，而是修饰动词类的fell(用来说明是何时、在何状态下睡着)。但以形容词修饰动词，犯了词类错误。面对这个矛盾，语法学家创造一个名称：分词构句---lying on the couch这个分词短语本身构成一个从句，一个修饰动词fell的副词从句。

其实，Lying on the couch本就是副词从句while he was lying on the couch的简化，无需任何特别名称表示。当然，若把连接词while保留（如句1），可更明确表示这是副词从句。若注重句子的清楚性就保留它，若注重简洁性就省略它。

\subsection{没有be动词与助动词时}
如果原来的副词从句没有be动词，也没有语气助动词（can、must、may），只有普通动词，那就会成为Ving的形式，如：

\wordtag{Because we have nothing to do here}{副词从句},\wordtag{we}{S} \wordtag{might as well go}{V} home. \vspace{1ex}

首先观察副词从句中的to do here，其实这是简化的形容词从句，原来是that we can do here，修饰先行词nothing。再看副词从句的动词have，没有be动词可省略，也没助动词可改写。这个动词若不处理，句子将无法简化。所以必须加上be动词原来的动词have就得变成having： Because we are having nothing to do here, we might as well go home。\uwave{注意}：这种修饰不是为了要改成进行式，而是为了做词类变化：把having nothing to do here移入补语部分，we are 便得以省略，成为：

\wordtag{Having nothing to do here}{简化副词从句}, we might as well go home. 

\subsection{应该省略的连接词}
在做这种简化动作时，表示原因的连接词because、since等通常要省略，因为这种句型本身就强烈暗示因果关系，再保留because会十分累赘。

\subsection{应该保留的连接词}
反之，如果连接词省略会造成句意不清，就得保留，如：

\wordtag{Although we have nothing to do here}{副词从句}, \wordtag{we}{S} \wordtag{can't leave}{V} early. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句的主语we与主要从句的主语相同，可省略。动词have是普通动词，可改成having保留下来，成为：

\wordtag{Although having nothing to do here}{副词从句}, \wordtag{we}{S} \wordtag{can't leave}{V} early. \vspace{1ex}

本来没事应该可以离开，但却相反。这种``相反''的逻辑关系靠although来表示，所以不宜省略，不然会让人搞不清楚。

语法上although这个连接词可省略，只是为了表达逻辑关系而保留。如果省略它，用别的方式来表示逻辑关系也可以，如：

Having nothing to do here,we \uline{still} can't leave early.

在主要从句中加个副词still就可取代although表达``相反''的逻辑，although省略也不会语意不清。再例：

He raised his hand, as if he was trying to hit her.

副词从句的he was省略之后，就简化为：

1. He raised his hand, as if trying to hit her.

句1中的连接词as if不宜省略，不然会产生误解：

2. He raised his hand, trying to hit her.

句2的意思变成了：他举起手来，``因为''要打她。此时省略掉连接词，使人联想到最常见的because，产生误解。

\subsection{being的运用}
副词从句的be动词一般在简化时要省略，但有些状况下要以being的方式留下，例如：

\wordtag{As I am a student}{副词从句},\wordtag{I}{S} \wordtag{can't afford}{V} \wordtag{to get married}{O}. \vspace{1ex}

此句有几种简化方式。如果把副词从句中的I am省略，剩下的补语是名词类a student。假如连接词as再省略，只剩下a student就省略得过头了，让人无法判断这是简化的副词从句，反而会误认a student是主语，或是同位语。一个办法是保留连接词：

As a student, I can't afford to get married.

只要有连接词，可清楚看出是简化从句，a student是省略I am后留下的补语。另一个办法是省略连接词as，借用无意义的be动词改成being：

Being a student, I can't afford to get married.

Being a student因为有being，所以a student很明显是补语，意思是``身为学生''或``是学生''。

\subsection{兼作介系词的连接词：before、after、since}
还有一种情况要用being，例：

\wordtag{Before he was in school}{副词从句}, \wordtag{he}{S} \wordtag{used to be}{V} \wordtag{a naughty child}{C}. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句中有现成的he was可省略。如果省略，连接词before也一并拿掉，就成为：

In school, he used to be a naughty child.

句子与原意不同，若保留before，成为： \sout{Before in school, he used to be a naughty child.}(误)

问题更大，因为before除当连接词外，也可当介系词（如before 1977、before the war等）。简化从句中如果保留before，因为已省去主语、动词，会让人判断这个before是介系词，不是连接词。那么before后只能接名词类的内容。before in school这个组合成为一项语法错误，这是词类的错误，修改方法是进行词类变化。若把in school改成名词类，例如去掉in，就可放在before后，成为before school。如此一来，语法问题解决了，但意思不清楚。因为before school看起来不像``开始上学读书以前''，反而像``早上开始上课前''。另一个改法就是借用无字面意义的be动词来作词类变化：

Before being in school, he used to be a naughty child. 

一旦有be动词存在，后面就可以接补语in school。而be动词本身采用being（动名词）的形状，放在介系词before的后面也符合词类的要求，这样才解决问题。

副词从句的连接词中，before、after、since是身兼连接词与介系词的双重词类。简化时要注意：它会被视为介系词，故后面只能接名词类，必要时加上being来作词类变化。

\subsection{时态的问题}
简化副词从句还得注意时态问题，如：

\wordtag{After he wrote the letter}{副词从句},he put it to mail. \vspace{1ex}

这两个从句中的动词wrote与put都是过去简单式，两者的先后顺序是靠连接词after来区分。在副词从句简化时，有以下两个选择：

1. After writing the letter, he put it to mail.

简化的步骤仍是省去相同的主语he，把普通动词改为Ving。如果像句1把连接词after留下来，可清楚分出先后顺序。after在从句简化后成为介系词，后面要接名词。writing the letter是动名词短语，符合词类要求。若把连接词after一并省略就会出错：

\sout{Writing the letter,he put it to mail.} (误)

会让人以为是：When he was writing the letter, he put it to mail. 读者在看不到连接词时，会假设时间副词从句的连接词是when。所以如果要省略after，在时态上要做处理：

2. Having written the letter, he put it to mail.

这是用完成式与简单式的对比来交待写信在先，邮寄在后。可还原为：

When he had written the letter, he put it to mail.

若连接词是不能表达先后的when，就得靠动词时态来表达。had written（过去完成式）在先，put（过去简单式）在后。以这句来说，副词从句的动词had written没有be动词，也没有语气助动词（had是时态助动词），简化方法就只有加-ing成为having written。连接词when属于可省略之列。例2即是简化结果，也是正确的简化从句做法。

\subsection{Dangling Modifier的错误}
副词从句的简化有一个相当严格的要求：主语只有在与主要从句相同时才可省略。如果忽略这一点就径行省略，会产生语法、修辞的错误。这项错误被称为：Dangling Modifier(悬荡修饰语)。例：

\wordtag{When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed}{副词从句},\wordtag{her mother}{S} \wordtag{came}{V} to kiss her goodnight. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句的主语是小孩(the child)，主要从句的主语却是她妈(her mother)。如果忽略此点直接简化，省去主语与be动词，会得出这个结果：

\wordtag{\sout{Already sleeping soundly in bed}}{Dangling Modifier}, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (误)

看到already sleeping soundly in bed这个简化从句时，知道有人在床上熟睡，可是主语省略了，不知道是谁，只能假定是主要从句的主语her mother，句子就因而发生了沟通的错误。简化副词从句属于副词类，是一个修饰语，可是却找不到依归，如悬荡在半空中，所以称为Dangling Modifier的错误。这种问题，有两种常用的修饰方式，其一是从主要从句下手：改变主要从句的结构，让它的主语与副词从句的主语相同。上例可修改为：

\wordtag{Already sleeping soundly in bed}{简化副词从句}, the child did not know it when  her mother came to kiss her goodnight. \vspace{1ex}

主语相同时，简化副词从句就可找到修饰对象。另一种改法是从副词从句下手：保留不同的主语。

\subsection{所谓``独立短语''}
副词从句简化时，若主语与主要从句不同就不能省略。这时可选择保留主语，只省略be动词和连接词。在主语后面保留现在分词或过去分词的补语。上例可修改如下：

\wordtag{The child already sleeping soundly in bed}{简化副词从句}, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. \vspace{1ex}

传统语法称这种保留主语的简化副词从句为``独立主语''。是把already sleeping soundly in bed视为形容词短语看待，修饰前面的名词the child。可名词the child就无法成功纳入主要从句来诠释。

从简化从句的角度来看就能完整地了解。简化时以不妨碍清楚性为原则。一般的副词从句要省去主语，是因为和主要从句主语重复，省略不会影响语意。可主语不同时，一旦省略会造成语意不清。这时的选择就是不省略，把主语保留下来，仅此而已。

\subsection{保留主语时的注意事项}
简化副词从句时，如果主语不同而需保留，有两点必须注意：第一，连接词要省略。简化从句一般是省略主语、be动词与连接词（视情形决定是否省略）。如果主语要保留，连接词又留下，就只是省掉一个be动词，那么并没有达到简化的效果。

\uline{\sout{When the child already sleeping soundly in bed}}, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (误)

这个句子不像简化从句，反而像写错了，漏掉一个be动词。

简化副词从句若保留主语，第二件注意事项是：后面必须配合分词补语（现在分词或过去分词）。因为只有如此，才可明显看出这是省略be动词的简化从句。The child sleeping soundly清楚说明the child是主语，sleeping soundly是补语，省略be动词与连接词，形成简化的副词从句。

传统语法把``独立短语''视为``分词构句''的变化，就是因为保留主语和使用分词补语有必然的关联性。

\section{结语}
副词从句的简化，大约可分为五种情况。本章谈了Ving补语，其他后续探讨。

\section{测试}
\subsection{练习一}
将下列各句中的副词从句（即画底线部分）改写为简化从句：

\begin{enumerate}
    \item \uline{While he was watching TV}, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
    \item \uline{Because she lives with her parents}, the girl can't stay out very late.
    \item \uline{If you have finished your work}, you can help me with mine.
    \item \uline{As he is a law-enforcement officer}, he cannot drink on duty.
    \item The actor has been in a state of excitement \uline{ever since he was nominated for the Oscar}.
    \item \uline{After he addressed the congregation}, the minister left in a hurry.
    \item \uline{As it was rather warm}, we decided to go for a swim.
    \item \uline{When the students have all left}, the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
    \item I know all about corn farming \uline{because I grew up in a Southern farm}.
    \item \uline{As the door remained shut}, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{练习二}
\begin{multicols}{2}

\begin{enumerate}
    \item \blank on the sofa, we began to watch television.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Sat 
        \item Seat 
        \item Seated 
        \item Set
    \end{enumerate}
    \item Returning to the room, \blank .
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item the book was lost
        \item I found the book missing 
        \item missing was book 
        \item the book was missing
    \end{enumerate}
    \item The average age of the Lishan apples \blank today is about fifty years.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item grow 
        \item grown 
        \item growing 
        \item to grow 
    \end{enumerate}
    \item Underground money lenders make most of their income from interest \blank on loans.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item earn 
        \item earned 
        \item to earn 
        \item was earned  
    \end{enumerate}
    \item \blank the driveway, the house appeared to be much smaller than it had seemed to us as children many years ago.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Standing in 
        \item Seen from 
        \item Crossing 
        \item Driving down
    \end{enumerate}
    \item After finishing my degree, \blank.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item my education will be employed by the university
        \item employment will be given to me by the university
        \item the university will employ me 
        \item I will be employed by the university
    \end{enumerate}
    \item The man \blank the paper is my father.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item reads 
        \item reading 
        \item is reading 
        \item read 
    \end{enumerate}
    \item \blank, he washed the cup and put it away.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Drinking the coffee 
        \item Having drunk the coffee 
        \item Having drank the coffee 
        \item After drank the coffee
    \end{enumerate}
    \item \blank to the south of China, not far away from the coast of Mainland, Hainan Island has long played an important role in China's tourism.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Its location 
        \item Locating 
        \item Is located 
        \item Located 
    \end{enumerate}
    \item John Williams wrote his first novel \blank.
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item while he worked a porter at a hotel in Paris
        \item while working as a porter at a hotel in Paris 
        \item while worked as a porter at a hotel in Paris
        \item while he was worked as a porter a hotel in Paris
    \end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}

\end{multicols}

\section{答案}
\subsection{练习一}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item \uline{(While) watching TV}, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
    \item \uline{Living with her parents}, the girl can't stay out very late.
    \item \uline{If have finished your work}, you can help me with mine.
    \item \uline{Being a law-enforcement officer}, he cannot drink on duty.
    \item The actor has been in a state of excitement \uline{ever since being nominated for the Oscar}.
    \item \uline{After addressing the congregation}, the minister left in a hurry.或 \uline{Having addressed the congregation}, the minister left in a hurry.
    \item \uline{It being rather warm}, we decided to go for a swim.
    \item \uline{The students having all left}, the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
    \item I know all about corn farming \uline{having grown up in a Southern farm}.
    \item \uline{The door remaining shut}, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{练习二}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item (C) seat是及物动词，本句是we were seated on the sofa的简化。
    \item (B) Returning to the room是简化从句，须与主要从句同一主语。
    \item (C) 空格部分是that are growing today的简化，成为growing today（今天在长的）。
    \item (B) 这是that is earned on loans这个形容词从句的简化。
    \item (B) 四个答案都是副词从句简化，条件是要与主要从句同一主语（the house），the driveway是``车道''，房子不能站在它里面。
    \item (D) After finishing my degree是After I finish my degree的简化，所以主要从句只能用I作主语。
    \item (B) 空格以下是who is reading the paper的简化。
    \item (B) 应用完成式，表示``喝完之后''。
    \item (D) 这是Hainan Island is located to the south…这一句的简化。
    \item (B) 这是while he was working as a porter…的简化。
\end{enumerate}